Lessons from ArriveCAN: Access to Information and Justice During a Glitch

L'application ArriveCAN des services frontaliers du Canada, mandatee durant la pandemie de Covid-19 pour les voyageurs entrant au pays, a commence a envoyer des notifications de mise en quarantaine erronees ¿i certains utilisateurs dans le courant de l'été 2022. Le gouvernement federal a depiste une defaillance a l'origine de l'envoi de ces notifications erronees le 14 juillet 2022, et l'a remediee six jours plus tard. Neanmoins la reconnaissance publique de la defaillance par le gouvernement federal n'a eu lieu que quatre jours plus tard, soit 10 jours entiers apres en avoir pris connaissance. Durant cette periode, 10,200 personnes ont repu l'ordre errone de mise en quarantaine. Ces ordres ne constituaient pas des inconvenients mineurs. Au contraire, ces ordres etaient des restrictions physiques contraignant la mobilite et etaient assujettis aux pénalités maximales de la Loi sur la mise en quarantaine. L'emission d'ordres de quarantaine par une application qui depend de decisions automatisees et l'intelligence artificielle a suscite des soucis majeurs quant a l'utilisation obligatoire de cette technologie par le gouvernement federal. Cet article discute de cet episode du point de vue d'une partie a la recherche de la transparence et responsabilite du processus de decision d'ArriveCAN, et met en relief l'acces a l'information et les questions de justice decoulant de la defaillance, ainsi que la reponse du gouvernement federal. On discute de recommandations pour avancer dans le contexte de l'insistance gouvernementale sur l'utilisation de collecte de donnees obligatoire, la retention, et l'utilisation dans la prise de decisions automatisees et les systemes d'intelligence artificielle.Alternate :In summer 2022, ArriveCAN, Canada's border app mandated during the COVID-19 pandemic for travelers entering the country, began sending certain users erroneous notifications to quarantine. On July 14, 2022, the federal government identified a glitch that was responsible for sending these erroneous notifications and patched it six days later. However, the federal government only publicly acknowledged a glitch was responsible for sending the erroneous orders four days after that - a full 10 days after it had become aware of the problem. During that time, 10,200 people received erroneous quarantine orders. These orders were not minor inconveniences. They were physical restraints on mobility enforced through the maximum penalties of the Quarantine Act. The issuance of mandatory quarantine orders by an app reliant on automated decision-making and artificial intelligence raised elevated concerns about the mandatory use of such technologies by the federal government. This article describes this episode from the perspective of a party seeking transparency and accountability of ArriveCAN's decision-making and highlights the interrelated access to information and justice concerns generated by the glitch and the federal government's response to it. Recommendations are discussed for moving forward in the context of governmental insistence on the use of mandatory data collection, retention, and use in automated decision-making and artificial intelligence systems.

TO BE fAIr: ETHICAL AND FAIR APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN VIRTUAL LABORATORIES

In 1984, the film "The Terminator” predicted that a hostile Artificial Intelligence (AI) will threaten to extinguish humankind by 2029. Even though the real present is quite far from this post-apocalyptic scenario where AI rebels against its creator, a growing concern about the lack of ethical considerations in the use of AI is rapidly spreading, leading to the current "ethics crisis”. The lack of clear regulations is even more alarming considering that AI is becoming an integral part of new educational platforms. This follows the wave of digital transformation mainly induced by the Fourth Industrial Revolution, with advances in digitalization strategies, and the COVID-19 crisis, which forced education institutions worldwide to switch to e-learning. The appeal of AI is its potential to answer the needs of both educators and learners. For example, it can provide help grading assignments, enable tutoring opportunities, develop smart content, personalize and ultimately boost on-line learning. Although the "AI revolution” has great potential to improve and boost digital education, there are no clear regulations in place to ensure an ethical and fair use of AI. Therefore, this work aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current concerns regarding fairness, accountability, transparency and ethics in AI applied to education, with specific focus on virtual laboratories. The main aspects that this work aims to discuss, and provide possible suggestions for, are: (i) ethical concerns, fairness, bias, equity, and inclusion;(ii) data transparency and digital rights, including data availability, collection, and protection;and, (iii) collaborative approach between disciplines. © 2022 SEFI 2022 - 50th Annual Conference of the European Society for Engineering Education, Proceedings. All rights reserved.

BeSharing: A Copyright-aware Blockchain-enabled Knowledge Sharing Platform

In response to the coronavirus pandemic, COVID-19, the use of online media and teaching tools has soared, leading to rampant cheating and plagiarism. To provide a better online environment, A copyright-aware Blockchain-enabled Knowledge Sharing platform named as BeSharing, enables students to share part of their assignments or ideas without the worry of being plagiarized. Thanks to blockchain technology which ensures the safety of encrypted shared files and the immutability of the shared records, the intellectual property rights of students can be protected whenever plagiarism issues occur. At present, we have released the platform with the realization of relevant functions and finished the alpha test. We believe this platform has great potential to foster collaboration among students while protecting their ideas. © 2022 IEEE.

The social function of intellectual property and government intervention in mitigating the pandemic: A perspective from Indonesia

Indonesia declared Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) a Public Health Emergency based on Presidential Decree No. 11 of 2020 considering the extensive victims and extraordinary impacts. This study analyzes how Indonesia addresses the social function of intellectual property and government intervention in mitigating the pandemic. This study shows that outside the patent waiver provisions, implementation is the key. Indonesian Government has set a strategic framework in accordance with the guidelines of the WHO by simultaneously takes two strategies of vaccine provision and procurement: First, purchasing vaccines from abroad and/or collaborating with national and/or international institutions, Second, the development of ‘Vaksin Merah Putih’ (Red and White Vaccine) independently in the country through a triple helgix synergy involving the government institutions/ministries, universities, and industries. The provision of COVID‐19 Vaccines in Indonesia is free as a form of responsibility and presence of the state. Government is also continuously expanding its public communication network to eliminate vaccine hesitancy. Lastly, Indonesia has adopted the TRIPs Waiver provisions through the Indonesian Patent Law, Government Regulation Number 77 of 2020 concerning Procedures for Patent Implementation by the Government, Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights No. 14 of 2021 concerning Amendments to the Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights No. 30 of 2019 concerning Procedures for Granting a Compulsory Patent License. These regulations will later become the basis for the government, whether it will eventually implement a patent license through a compulsory license system or a government use the patent system not only for the COVID‐19 vaccine but also other essential medicines in mitigating the pandemic.

Space Debris: It's Time to Look Up and Do Something

According to director, writer and producer Adam McKay, the star-studded film was initially conceived as a commentary on the arguably overly politicized climate change debate but, as they began filming during the COVID pandemic, life began to truly imitate art in that health policy often seemed to be dictated by politics.7 In responding to their existential threat, constituencies in the film fall into one of two factions. Like the film's protagonists, we can simply look up, and see that there is much to be fearful of given the inability of the law and politics to keep up with many aspects within the science and technology of space exploration.13 Consider the following timely example of what awaits us while looking up: the Kessler Syndrome, graphically illustrated in the 2013 George Clooney and Sandra Bullock film Gravity.14 In 1978, Donald Kessler described the eponymic Kessler Syndrome as the tipping point scenario wherein destructive collisions between fragments emanating from man-made objects in space become inevitable given the number of discarded debris in Earth's orbit.15 In that film, their particular Kessler Syndrome is kicked off by a Russian anti-satellite missile test on a satellite in low Earth orbit, resulting in an insatiably destructive debris field. In addition to all the operating satellites in orbit, currently, there are more than 8,800 metric tons of space debris in Earth's immediate orbit,20 including an estimated 100 million tiny untraceable pieces.21 Regardless of their size however, each piece of space debris is effectively a supersonic missile capable of causing significant damage.22 According to the European Space Agency (ESA), a collision of just a one centimetre wide particle travelling at 10 km/second will release the same amount of energy on impact as a small car crashing on Earth at 40km/hour.23 In addition to the potential damage to other satellites, rockets and space stations, should they be struck by this debris, there are other actual economic costs associated with space debris. [...]the roles of government in developing, owning, launching and managing satellites has given way to a burgeoning private industry;however, governments still play a decisive role as the market remains relatively small.29 Terrestrial communication, networking, navigational and entertainment systems are all reliant on satellites, and the more satellites that are sent up, including most troubling, new large minsatellite constellations,30 the more likely a catastrophic collision could cause havoc to the aforementioned networks.

The Modern Library: Ramifications of Controlled Digital Lending on Copyright

Tandis que le monde se numerise de plus en plus, les bibliotheques modernisent leurs collections afin de les rendre disponibles en ligne. Au cours de cette transition, elles doivent relever de nouveaux defis en matiere de droit d'auteur et de droit de la propriété intellectuelle. Dans cet article, l'auteur examine les effets sur le droit d'auteur canadien du pret numerique controle utilise par l'Open Library, un projet de l'Internet Archive. L'auteur fait valoir que si la numerisation de la collection d'une bibliotheque constitue, a premiere vue, une violation du droit d'auteur, il est possible d'invoquer avec succes les exceptions garanties aux bibliotheques en vertu de la Loi sur le droit d'auteur, de meme que l'utilisation equitable en general, afin d'etablir une exemption pour la numerisation. En particulier, l'utilisation equitable represente une exception susceptible d'etre applicable au pret numerique controle lorsque les bibliotheques numerisent des ouvrages qui ne sont plus édités ou qui ne sont pas disponibles en version numerique.Alternate :As the world becomes increasingly digital, libraries are modernizing their collections by making them available online. While making this transition, they face novel challenges in copyright and intellectual property law. This article examines the effects of Controlled Digital Lending (CDL) as used by the Internet Archive and its subsidiary, the Open Library, on Canadian copyright Law. It argues that while the digitization of a library's collection is prima facie copyright infringement, the exceptions granted to libraries under the Copyright Act, and fair dealings in general, can be successfully utilized to carve out an exception for digitization. Particularly, fair dealings will be a viable exception for CDL where libraries digitize works that are out of print and do not have digital versions available.

Revisiting Canada's Access to Medicines Regime in Response to COVID-19: A Review of the Legislation and its Underlying Objectives

La pandemie de Covid-19 qui sevit actuellement a mis en lumiere l'importance d'un mecanisme de licence obligatoire axe sur l'exportation pour les pays qui ne possedent pas de capacite manufacturiere interieure. L'article 31bis, qui constitue le premier amendement a l'Accord sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce (ADPIC) de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce, a pour but de donner effet a la decision du Conseil general de l'Organisation, prise en 2003, en vertu de laquelle l'exigence de licence obligatoire applicable aux marches interieurs a été abandonnee. En 2005, le Canada est devenu le premier pays a modifier ses lois en matiere de brevet pour faire place au Regime canadien d'acces aux medicaments (RCAM) en tant que loi habilitante permettant de mettre en œuvre la decision prise par le Conseil general de l'Organisation en 2003. Le Canada a explicitement decrit son regime comme etant une initiative humanitaire destinee a venir en aide aux pays en developpement qui n'ont pas de capacite manufacturiere suffisante en matiere de medicament ou de vaccin et doivent s'en remettre aux importations pour traiter leurs problemes de sante publique. La legislation etait toutefois mise en peril en raison du desir conflictuel de proteger les interets corporatifs des societes detentrices des brevets. Le RCAM ne peut des lors repondre aux attentes qu'il suscite compte tenu de la multiplication des obstacles, des limites et des exigences reglementaires ajoutes aux exigences de l'article 31bis, lequel est, en soi, trop astreignant pour etre invoque pour les pays dotes de faibles ressources. Dans ce texte exploratoire, l'auteur evalue egalement les efforts deployes par le Canada afin de reformer le RCAM et propose une revision en profondeur du mecanisme de licence obligatoire axe sur l'exportation afin de mettre sur pied une solution de licence unique fonctionnelle et expeditive qui soit a la portee des pays exportateurs et acceptable pour les compagnies de medicaments generiques.Alternate :The current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the significance of the export-oriented compulsory licensing mechanism for countries lacking domestic manufacturing capacity. Article 31bis, the first amendment to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement), is aimed at giving effect to the WTO General Council Decision 2003, which waived the domestic market requirement of compulsory licensing. In 2005, Canada became the first country to amend its patent laws to provide for Canada's Access to Medicines Regime (CAMR) as enabling legislation to implement the WTO General Council Decision 2003. Canada clearly described its regime as a humanitarian initiative aimed at helping developing countries that lack sufficient drug and/or vaccine manufacturing capacity of their own and rely upon imports to address their public health problems. The legislation was compromised, however, by the conflicting desire to protect the corporate interests of patentholding corporations. The CAMR system is thus incapable of delivering on its promises because of the unnecessarily added extra layers of complication, restrictions, and regulatory requirements to the requirements of Article 31bis, which is itself too onerous to invoke for resource-poor countries. This research article also evaluates Canada's efforts to reform CAMR and suggests an overhaul of the export-oriented compulsory licensing mechanism to provide a functional and expeditious one-licence solution workable for importing countries and acceptable to generic drug companies.

Developing Inclusive Digital Pedagogies: Reflections on the Past, the Present and Future Directions

Disabled children’s experiences of using digital technologies in mainstream classrooms are very mixed. On the one hand, children’s rights and digital rights legislation and inclusive education policies have promoted inclusive and equitable pedagogical practices for decades. Digital technologies are becoming increasingly prevalent in homes and schools, a phenomenon rapidly accelerated by the global Covid-19 pandemic. Despite this positive rhetoric, the reality on the ground is that inclusive digital pedagogies – that prevent disabled children experiencing exclusionary educational practices in mainstream classrooms – are underdeveloped and require significant research and development. Current uses of digital technologies by disabled children, harnessing accessibility features in mobile technologies, can focus attention on their differences. Digital technologies in classrooms generally are often used in mundane ways which do not make the most of opportunities for creativity, collaboration and student-centred learning. This paper reflects on the situation in the past and present in relation to the impact of disability studies, children’s rights, policies on inclusive education and, digital technology developments and educational practices, on the development of inclusive digital pedagogies. It concludes by outlining early findings from a research project carried out in North West England that identifies challenges in relation to the development and implementation of inclusive digital pedagogies. © 2022, IFIP International Federation for Information Processing.

National Agenda for Software Engineering Research and Development: Architecting the Systems of the Future

Software is vital to Americas global competitiveness, innovation, and national security. Future systems and fundamental shifts in software engineering require new research focus. SEIs mission includes anticipating current and future needs of DoD in software engineering.

Code Protection Techniques when Distributed in Source Format: An Adobe Connect PodWritten in Javascript

The purpose of this article is to describe techniques for protecting code when distributed in source format. This situation occurs when, for instance, the client component of a web application, whose source code is easily extractable from the browser even by inexperienced users. The case study proposed uses the Adobe Connectc platform, an emerging technology in the field of video communication, content sharing and e-learning environments, which allows to easy integration of applications written in javascript language. The astonishing ease of realization of embedded applications within AdobeR's ecosystem contrasts with the impossibility of protecting the work done, which is visible and redistributable simply by copying the file containing it. The unwary author may thus run the risk of seeing his work thwarted by losing any intellectual property rights arising from the use of the software he has created. For this reason we have realized a form of intellectual property protection when software is distributed in source format. Copyright for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative.

Copyright: Infringement, Remedies, and Defenses in a Pandemic Environment

The abrupt shift of universities to an online environment has heightened the awareness and impact of the copyright law. The issue that the academe and faculty face is whether synchronouspresentation of instructional material is in violation of the copyright laws and if a viable remedy or defense is available. Pre-Pandemic, educators teaching in the traditional in-class format used the Fair Use doctrine in deciding on using the copyrighted work to be presented in class whereasthose in the online remote paradigm faced a different set of barriers. Congress enacted the Technology, Education, and Copyright Harmonization Act of 2002 (TEACH Act) to overcome the barriers for those educators delivering courses in asynchronous mode using copyrighted instructional materials. The intent of the article is to discuss the premise and fundamentals of the Copyright Law, remedies, and defenses and whether the public policy exemptions afforded to faculty can be extended to the remote teaching synchronous environment created by the COVID-19 Pandemic. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2021